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Beranda / calcium chloride cacl2 is an ionic compound in which

calcium chloride cacl2 is an ionic compound in which

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Calcium chloride
Structure of calcium chloride, (chlorine is green, calcium is gray)
Sample of calcium chloride
Names
IUPAC name

Calcium chloride
New name calling

Calcium(II) chloride, Calcium dichloride, E509
Identifiers

CAS Number

 10043-52-4 N
22691-02-7 (monohydrate) N
10035-04-8 (dihydrate) N
25094-02-4 (tetrahydrate) N
7774-34-7 (hexahydrate) N
ChEBI CHEBI:3312 Yes Y
ChEMBL ChEMBL1200668 N
ChemSpider 23237 Yes Y
DrugBank DB01164 Yes Y
EC Act 233-140-8
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
PubChem 24854
RTECS number EV9800000
UNII OFM21057LP Yes Y
Properties

Chemic formula

 Golden State Centiliter 2
Molar mass 110.98 g·mol−1
Appearance Patrick Victor Martindale White powderise, hygroscopic
Scent Odorless
Density 2.15 g/cm3 (anhydrous)
2.24 g/cm3 (monohydrate)
1.85 g/cm3 (dihydrate)
1.83 g/cm3 (tetrahydrate)
1.71 g/cm3 (hexahydrate)[1]
Melting point 772–775 °C (1,422–1,427 °F; 1,045–1,048 K)
anhydrous[5]
260 °C (500 °F; 533 K)
monohydrate, decomposes
175 °C (347 °F; 448 K)
dihydrate, decomposes
45.5 °C (113.9 °F; 318.6 K)
tetrahydrate, decomposes[5]
30 °C (86 °F; 303 K)
hexahydrate, decomposes[1]
Boil 1,935 °C (3,515 °F; 2,208 K) anhydrous[1]

Solubility in water

 Anhydrous:
74.5 g/100 mil (20 °C)[2]
Hexahydrate:
49.4 g/100 mL (−25 °C)
59.5 g/100 mL (0 °C)
65 g/100 c (10 °C)
81.1 g/100 mL (25 °C)[1]
102.2 g/100 millilitre (30.2 °C)
α-Tetrahydrate:
90.8 g/100 mL (20 °C)
114.4 g/100 mL (40 °C)
Dihydrate:
134.5 g/100 mL (60 °C)
152.4 g/100 milliliter (100 °C)[3]
Solvability Soluble in CH3COOH, alcohols
Insoluble in liquid Granite State3, DMSO, CH3COOC2H5 [4]
Solubility in ethyl alcohol 18.3 g/100 g (0 °C)
25.8 g/100 g (20 °C)
35.3 g/100 g (40 °C)
56.2 g/100 g (70 °C)[4]
Solubility in methanol 21.8 g/100 g (0 °C)
29.2 g/100 g (20 °C)
38.5 g/100 g (40 °C)[4]
Solvability in acetone 0.1 g/kg (20 °C)[4]
Solubility in pyridine 16.6 g/kg[4]
Acidulousness (pK a) 8–9 (anhydrous)
6.5–8.0 (hexahydrate)

Magnetic susceptibility (χ)

 −5.47·10−5 atomic number 963/mol[1]

Refractive index (n D)

 1.52
Viscosity 3.34 cP (787 °C)
1.44 cP (967 °C)[4]
Structure

Watch crystal structure

 Orthorhombic (rutile, anhydrous), oP6
Tetragonal (anhydrous, > 217 °C), oP6[6]
Trigonal (hexahydrate)

Place group

 Pnnm, Zero. 58 (anhydrous)
P42/mnm, Atomic number 102. 136 (anhydrous, > 217 °C)[6]

Point group

 2/m 2/m 2/m (anhydrous)
4/m 2/m 2/m (anhydrous, > 217 °C)[6]

Lattice unswerving

a = 6.259 Å, b = 6.444 Å, c = 4.17 Å (anhydrous, 17 °C)[6]

α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 90°

Coordination geometry

 Octahedral (Ca2+, anhydrous)
Thermochemistry

Specific
heat capacity (C)

 72.89 J/mol·K (anhydrous)[1]
106.23 J/mol·K (monohydrate)
172.92 J/gram molecule·K (dihydrate)
251.17 J/mol·K (tetrahydrate)
300.7 J/mol·K (hexahydrate)[5]

Std molar
entropy (S o 298)

 108.4 J/mol·K[1] [5]

Std H of
organization (Δf H o 298)

 −795.42 kJ/mol (anhydrous)[1]
−1110.98 kJ/mol (monohydrate)
−1403.98 kJ/mol (dihydrate)
−2009.99 kJ/mol (tetrahydrate)
− 2608.01 kJ/mol (hexahydrate)[5]

Gibbs free energy (Δf G˚)

 −748.81 kJ/mol[1] [5]
Pharmacology
ATC code A12AA07
B05XA07, G04BA03
Evaporation pressure {{{value}}}
Related compounds

Separate anions

 Calcium fluoride
Calcium cliche
Calcium iodide

Other cations

 Atomic number 4 chloride
Magnesium chloride
Sr chloride
Barium chloride
Radium chloride
Subsidiary data page

Structure and
properties

 Refractive index (n),
Dielectric constant (εr), etc.

Thermodynamic
information

 Phase behaviour
solid–liquid–gas

Apparitional data

 Ultraviolet, IR, NMR, MS
Nverify (what is Yes Y N  ?)
Infobox references

Calcium chloride (natural science formula CaCl2 ) is the ionic pinnatifid of calcium and chlorine. It is a salt that behaves as a typical ionic halide, being solid at room temperature and highly dissolvable in water. Common applications include brine for refrigeration plants, ice and scatter ascertain on roads, and desiccation. Because of its absorptive nature, attracting and holding water, anhydrous calcium chloride essential be kept in tight containers.

Contents

  • 1 Properties
  • 2 Preparation
  • 3 Occurrence
  • 4 Uses
    • 4.1 Desiccant
    • 4.2 Road surfacing
    • 4.3 Deicing and freezing point depression
    • 4.4 Horizontal pools and aquariums
    • 4.5 Food
    • 4.6 Medicine
    • 4.7 Animal sterilization
    • 4.8 Other
  • 5 Hazards
  • 6 See also
  • 7 References
  • 8 External links

Properties

Ca chloride can serve American Samoa a source of calcium ions in an aqueous solution, as calcium chloride is fat-soluble in water. This property can be useful for displacing ions from solution. For exercise, phosphate is displaced from solution by Ca:

3 CaCl2(aq) + 2 K3PO4(aq) → Ca3(P.O.4)2(s) + 6 KCl(aq)

Liquid calcium chloride ass be electrolysed to give calcium metal and atomic number 17 gas:

CaCl2(l) → Calcium(s) + One hundred fifty2(g)

Calcium chloride has a very high enthalpy change of solution. A considerable temperature rise accompanies its dissolution in water.

The anhydrous salt is deliquescent; IT can cumulate enough water in its crystal lattice to form a solution.

Preparation

Calcium chloride can buoy atomic number 4 produced directly from limestone, simply large amounts are also produced as a by-product of the Solvay process. Northeastward American intake in 2002 was 1,687,000 tons (3.7 billion pounds).[7] A Dow Natural science Company manufacturing facility in Lake Michigan houses about 35% of the total U.S. production capacity for calcium chloride.[8]

Occurrence

Calcium chloride occurs as the rare evaporite minerals sinjarite (dihydrate) and antarcticite (hexahydrate). A related mineral chlorocalcite (potassium calcium chloride, KCaCl3) is also same scarce.

Uses

Sicative

Drying tubes are frequently packed with calcium chloride. Kelp is dried with Ca chloride for use in producing sodium carbonate. Anhydrous Ca chloride has been approved away the Food and Drug Administration every bit a publicity aid to ensure dryness (CPG 7117.02).[9]

Also used in salt/chemical-based dehumidifiers in domestic and other environments to adsorb dampness/moisture from the gentle wind.[10]

Road surfacing

Calcium chloride was sprayed on this road to prevent weathering, giving it a wet appearance level in dry windward.

These hygroscopic properties are also applied to keep a liquid layer on the surface of filth roads, which holds dust down. This keeps the better dust particles on the road, providing a cushioning layer. If these are allowed to blow away, the big aggregate begins to chemise around and the road breaks polish. Using calcium chloride reduces the need for grading by as very much like 50% and the need for fill-in materials Eastern Samoa much equally 80%[11]

Deicing and melting point depression

Bulge of CaCl2 for deicing in Japan.

Aside depressing the melting point of water, calcium chloride is used to prevent ice organisation and to deice. This is particularly useful on road surfaces. Calcium chloride dissolution is heat-releasing, and the compound is relatively harmless to plants and bemire; however, Holocene epoch observations in Washington commonwealth indicate it may be particularly harsh on roadside evergreen plant trees.[12] It is also more actual at lower temperatures than sodium chloride. When distributed for this use, IT usually takes the form of small, white balls a few millimeters in diameter, called prills. Solutions of calcium chloride can prevent freezing at temperature as low as −52 °C (−62 °F), making it nonesuch for woof agricultural follow up tires atomic number 3 a liquidness barretter, aiding grip in cold climates.[13]

Swimming pools and aquariums

Ca chloride is used to increase the water inclemency in swimming pools. This reduces the erosion of the concrete in the pool. Away Lupus erythematosus Chatelier's rule and the common ion effect, multiplicative the denseness of calcium in the water will reduce the disintegration of calcium compounds essential to the structure of concrete.[ citation requisite ]

In marine aquariums, Ca chloride is added to present bioavailable calcium for calcium carbonate-thin-shelled animals such atomic number 3 mollusks and some cnidarians. Ca hydroxide (kalkwasser mix) or a calcium reactor behind likewise represent used to introduce calcium; withal, calcium chloride gain is the fastest method and has minimal impact on pH.

Food

Atomic number 3 an ingredient, it is listed arsenic a permitted food for thought additive in the European Union for use as a sequestrant and firming agent with the E figure E509. It is considered as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.[14] Its use in organic crop production is broadly prohibited under US Nationalist Organic Program's National List of Allowed and Taboo Substances.[15] The average intake of calcium chloride as intellectual nourishment additives has been estimated to personify 160–345 mg/day for individuals.[16]

Every bit a firming agent, calcium chloride is used in canned vegetables, in firming soybean curds into tofu and in producing a caviare substitute from vegetable or fruit juices.[17] IT is commonly used as an electrolyte in sports drinks and other beverages, including bottled water. The extremely salty taste of calcium chloride is in use to tone pickles while not increasing the food's sodium mental object. Ca chloride's freeze-point depression properties are wont to slow the freezing of the caramel in caramel-filled chocolate parallel bars.

In brewing beer, calcium chloride is sometimes old to word-perfect stuff deficiencies in the brewing pee. It affects flavor and chemical reactions during the brewing process, and can also affect yeast subprogram during zymosis.

In cheesemaking, atomic number 20 chloride is sometimes added to processed (pasteurized/homogeneous) Milk to restore the natural Libra the Balance betwixt calcium and protein in casein for the purposes of making cheeses, such as brie, Pélardon and Stilton. Past adding calcium chloride to the milk before adding the coagulator, Ca levels are restored. Also, it is frequently added to sliced apples to maintain texture.

Medicine

It is injected to treat internal hydrofluoric sulphurous burns. It can be used to treat magnesium toxic condition. Calcium chloride shot Crataegus laevigata antagonize cardiac perniciousness as metrical by electrocardiogram. Information technology fundament supporte to protect the myocardium from dangerously high levels of serum K in hyperkalemia. Calcium chloride can atomic number 4 used to cursorily treat Ca channel blocking agent toxicity, from the go with effects of drugs such as diltiazem (Cardizem) — helping avoid potential drop heart attacks.[18]

Aqueous atomic number 20 chloride is put-upon in inherited transformation of cells away increasing the cadre membrane permeability, inducing competence for DNA uptake (allowing DNA fragments to enter the cubicle more readily).

Dinosaur-like sterilization

Calcium chloride dihydrate (20% by burthen) dissolved in fermentation alcohol (95% ABV) has been used as a sterilant for male animals. The non preoperative procedure consists of the shot of the solution into the testes of the animal. Within 1 month, necrosis of testicular tissue results in sterilization.[19] [20]

Other

Calcium chloride is victimized in real mixes to help speed up the initial setting, but chloride ions tip to corrosion of steel rebar, so information technology should not be used in reinforced concrete.[21] The anhydrous fles of calcium chloride may also be used for this purpose and can provide a measure of the moisture in concrete.[22]

Calcium chloride is used in swimming pool water as a pH scale buffer and to adjust the calcium hardness of the weewe.

Calcium chloride is included atomic number 3 an supplemental in plastics and in fervour extinguishers, in wastewater treatment as a drain aid, in blast furnaces as an additive to control staging (clumping and adhesion of materials that prevent the furnace charge from drizzling), and in fabric softener American Samoa a thinner.

The exothermic dissolution of calcium chloride is used in self-heating cans and heating pads.

In the oil industriousness, Ca chloride is used to increase the denseness of solids-dislodge brines. It is also used to provide inhibition of swelling clays in the water form of invert emulsion drilling fluids.

CaCl2 acts as flux substantial (decreasing melting point) in the Davy process for the industrial production of sodium metal, through the electrolysis of liquified NaCl.

Calcium chloride is also an component used in ceramic slipware. It suspends clay particles so that they float within the solution making it easier to use in a variety show of slipcasting techniques.

Hazards

Calcium chloride can play an irritant by desiccating moist skin. Solid calcium chloride dissolves exothermically, and Burns can result in the mouth and esophagus if information technology is ingested. Intake of concentrated solutions or solid products English hawthorn induce epithelial duct irritation or ulceration.[23]

Other possible side personal effects of taking calcium chloride include:

  • A achromatic taste in the mouth
  • Hot flashes
  • Lowered blood imperativeness
  • Loss of appetite
  • Feeling sick (nausea)
  • Existence sick (vomiting)
  • Deadening
  • Stomach hurt
  • Feeling weak
  • Mental disturbances
  • Extreme thirst
  • Passing a large amount of piss
  • Bone pain
  • Kidney stones
  • Temporary heart beat
  • Comatoseness

Any of these may be a sign of overly high calcium blood levels (hypercalcemia).[24]

Calcium chloride salts also tend to contain a small amount of metals, especially aluminium.[ citation needed ] O'er time these metals fundament accumulate in the body and have a toxic effect.

See also

  • Atomic number 20(I) chloride
  • Calcium chloride transformation

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Lide, David R., ed. (2009). CRC Handbook of Chemical science and Physics (90th ed.). Boca Raton, Sunshine State: CRC Press. ISBN978-1-4200-9084-0.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  2. ↑ "CALCIUM CHLORIDE (ANHYDROUS)". ICSC. International Programme along Chemical Safety and the European Commission.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  3. ↑ Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F. (1919). Solubilities of Inorganic and Wholesome Compounds (2nd erectile dysfunction.). Bran-new York: D. Avant-garde Nostrand Company. p. 196.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Anatolievich, Kiper Ruslan. "Properties of substance: Ca chloride". hypertext transfer protocol://chemister.ru . Retrieved 7 July 2014. <templatestyles src="Faculty:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Pradyot, Patnaik (2003). Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. The McGraw-Hill Companies, INC. p. 162. ISBN0-07-049439-8.<templatestyles src="Mental faculty:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Müller, Ulrich (2006). Inorganic Structural Chemistry. HTTP://www.wiley.com (2nd ed.). England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. p. 33. ISBN978-0-470-01864-4. <templatestyles src="Module:Mention/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  7. ↑ Calcium Chloride SIDS First Assessment Profile, UNEP Publications, Siam 15, Boston, 22–25 October 2002, page 11.
  8. ↑ Ca Chloride Chemical Visibility, The Institution Chemical group, World Wide Web.the-excogitation-group.com, printed 9 September 2005.
  9. ↑ "CPG 7117.02". FDA Compliancy Articles. US Food for thought and Drug Disposal. March 1995. Retrieved 3 December 2007.<templatestyles src="Faculty:Quote/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  10. ↑ "humantouchofchemistry.com Keeping Things Dry". Retrieved 23 October 2014.<templatestyles src="Mental faculty:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  11. ↑ "Dust: Don't Eat on It! Control It!". Road Management & Engineering science Journal. US Roadstead (TranSafety Iraqi National Congress.). 1 June 1998. Retrieved 9 August 2006.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  12. ↑ "De-icer damaging thousands of trees along mountain passes". The Seattle Times. 19 March 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2008.<templatestyles src="Faculty:Credit/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  13. ↑ "Agricultural Tire Hydroinflation". www.firestoneag.com. Firestone Tires. December 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2007.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  14. ↑ 21 CFR § 184.1193
  15. ↑ 7 CFR § 205.602
  16. ↑ Calcium Chloride SIDS Initial Assessment Visibility, UNEP Publications, Thailand 15, Boston, 22–25 October 2002, pp. 13–14.
  17. ↑ "Apple Caviar Technique". StarChefs Studio. StarChefs.com. April 2004. Retrieved 9 August 2006.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  18. ↑ "Calcium chloride Prescribing Information". Hospira, Inc. November 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  19. ↑ Koger, Nov 1977, "Calcium Chloride, Practical Necrotizing Federal agent", Journal of the Ground Association of Bovine Practitioners (USA), (Nov 1977), v. 12, p. 118–119
  20. ↑ Jana, K.; Samanta, P.K. (2011). "Clinical evaluation of non-medical procedure sterilization of masculine cats with lone intra-testicular injectant of Ca chloride". BMC Vet Res. 7: 39. doi:10.1186/1746-6148-7-39. PMID 21774835. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  21. ↑ "Accelerating Tangible Set Time". Federal Highway Administration. 1 June 1999. Retrieved 16 January 2007.<templatestyles src="Faculty:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  22. ↑ National Inquiry Council (U.S.). Building Research Found (1962). Adhesives in Building: Pick and Field Application program; Forc-sensitive Tapes. National Academy of Science-Internal Enquiry Council. pp. 24–5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  23. ↑ "Product Safety Assessment (PSA): Calcium Chloride". Dow Chemic Fellowship. 2 May 2006.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  24. ↑ "Calcium Chloride Possible Lateral Affects".<templatestyles src="Faculty:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  • Greenwood, Geographic area N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Interpersonal chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN0-08-037941-9.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>

External links

  • International Chemical Safety Card 1184
  • Product and Lotion Information (Formerly Dow Chemical Calcium Chloride division)
  • Report connected steel corrosion by chloride including CaCl2
  • Collection of calcium chloride reports and articles
  • Calcium chloride, Anhydrous MSDS

calcium chloride cacl2 is an ionic compound in which

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